Document Type : Review Article
Authors
1
Electrical Power and Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
2
Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, Egypt. Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
Abstract
Mineral transformer oil has long been the industry standard for insulating and cooling power transformers due to its favorable dielectric strength, thermal conductivity, and cost-effectiveness. This paper provides a structured review comprising four main elements: (i) the historical evolution of mineral transformer oils, (ii) standard testing methods for evaluating their dielectric (AC, and Impulse breakdown voltages), thermal, and physicochemical properties, (iii) advancements achieved through the incorporation of nanoparticles such as Al₂O₃, TiO₂, SiO2, Fe3O4@SiO2 Core / Shell, AlN, CQD, MWCNT, Zinc Ferrite, Fe₃O₄, etc.., (iv) a comparative analysis of nanofluids in terms of breakdown voltage, thermal conductivity, and long-term performance. The review highlights that nanofluid formulations offer significant improvements in key operational parameters; however, challenges remain, including nanoparticle sedimentation, optimization of particle concentration, viscosity management, and the risk of accelerated oil degradation. This manuscript concludes by outlining essential steps for future research to establish reliable, standardized, and durable nanofluid-based transformer oils.
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